File:Averages (%) of foods containing appropriate manganese levels (to achieve adequate manganese intake) based on the proposed method in food groups.pdf

English: Averages (%) of foods containing appropriate manganese levels (to achieve adequate manganese intake) based on the proposed method in food groups. All high manganese (excellent source of manganese) and manganese source (good source of manganese) foods, excluding high manganese and manganese source baby foods, are based on the reference energy intake of 2,000 kcal for adults and children aged 4 years and older. High manganese and manganese source baby foods are based on the reference energy intake of 1,000 kcal for children 1 through 3 years of age.

About 97.8% of foods contained manganese. On the basis of the proposed method, the average (%) of foods containing appropriate manganese levels in food groups was 31.37%, of which 15.08% was the average of manganese source (good source of manganese) foods, and 16.29% was the average of high manganese (excellent source of manganese) foods. Legumes and legume products with 92.27%, nut and seed products with 87.12%, meals, entrees, and side dishes with 78.43%, breakfast cereals with 74.05%, cereal grains and pasta with 72.73%, snacks with 61.97%, vegetables and vegetable products with 44.43%, soups, sauces, and gravies with 41.36%, and baked products with 38.57% had the highest averages of foods containing appropriate manganese levels. Foods containing appropriate manganese levels were not found in one food group (fats and oils) and were very few in seven food groups (pork products; dairy and egg products; beef products; lamb, veal, and game products; poultry products; spices and herbs; sausages and luncheon meats).

Suggested citation: Forouzesh, Abed; Forouzesh, Fatemeh; Samadi Foroushani, Sadegh; Forouzesh, Abolfazl. A new method for calculating manganese content and determining appropriate manganese levels in foods. SSRN 2022. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4133411